paper
Nigeria
19th Century
Source: Bondarev, Dmitry (2023). 'Loose-leaf Islamic Manuscripts of West Africa: Retention, Adaptation or Invention?'. In: Understanding Written Artefacts.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
paper
Preparation Steps
Scribes use a bifolium as the minimal unit. The process involves cutting and preparing sheets of paper where the end result is a folded sheet (bifolium). Scribes then use a ruling frame (misᥩara) to facilitate the even positioning of text, creating an inconspicuous borderline for the text area (p. 288).
Original Recipe Text
Scribes use a bifolium as the minimal unit. The process involves cutting and preparing sheets of paper where the end result is a folded sheet (bifolium). Scribes then use a ruling frame (misᥩara) to facilitate the even positioning of text, creating an inconspicuous borderline for the text area (p. 288).
Evidence
"The process of cutting and preparing sheets of paper by Nigerian scribes was recorded in detail in my documentary and described by Maimadu Barma Mutai and Andrea Brigaglia."
Remarks
The paper in West African loose-leaf manuscripts often features a bifolium format that has fallen apart over time due to use. Ruling frames (misᥩara), historically made of parallel cords on cardboard, were used to create text margins (p. 287-288). Adrian Brockett's study of watermarks in 19th-century Qur'ans confirms the bifolium preference (p. 288).
Scientific Analysis
Analytical Techniques
Visual examination
Watermark analysis
Countermark analysis
Certainty Level
Probable
Instrumentally Verified
Not Verified
Metadata
Material Type
paper
Paper Typepaper
RegionNigeria
Approx. Year1850
Source Information
AuthorBondarev, Dmitry
CollectionBorno; Maiduguri
Language
N/A
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