European papers made by a Dutch paper company

Ingredients

linen, cotton cloth, gelation solution

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

The text describes that European paper of this era was generally made of linen and cotton cloth, which was then dipped in a gelatin solution (p. 3). For this specific manuscript, the paper is identified as Dutch-made, which typically had a smoother and more transparent appearance compared to French papers, with a thicker texture (p. 19).

Evidence

"The TMB Quran manuscript was copied on Dutch paper which was produced in the 18th-19th centuries AD. It is indicated by the presence of a watermark on the Quran papers. There are four different types of watermarks for writing the Quran, namely Pro Patria, Van Der Ley, W.W.&H Pannekoek, and C.B. Berends."

Remarks

The TMB Quran manuscript has a paper size of 31 cm x 17.5 cm with 15 lines per page (p. 19). The analysis of the watermarks 'Pro Patria', 'Van Der Ley', 'W.W.&H Pannekoek', and 'C.B. Berends' found on each page suggests the manuscript dates to the 18th-19th centuries, contradicting local oral tradition which claimed a 14th-century origin (p. 19-20). The Pro Patria watermark observed specifically features the 'Maid of Dort' motif, a Dutch national symbol depicting a servant in a picket fence with a lion (p. 20).