Pararealgar, realgar
Iraq
13th Century
Source: Knipe, P., Eremin, K., Walton, M., Babini, A., & Rayner, G. (2018). Materials and techniques of Islamic manuscripts. Heritage Science, 6(1), 55.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
Pararealgar, realgar
Preparation Steps
The study identifies arsenic sulfide minerals specifically as pararealgar and realgar used in 13th-century Iraqi folios (p. 2, Table 1). These occur naturally as minerals but were often processed for use in yellow and orange-red areas of illuminations (p. 15).
Original Recipe Text
The study identifies arsenic sulfide minerals specifically as pararealgar and realgar used in 13th-century Iraqi folios (p. 2, Table 1). These occur naturally as minerals but were often processed for use in yellow and orange-red areas of illuminations (p. 15).
Evidence
"Likely pigment identifications were based on the chemical composition from XRF analysis and were then confirmed by Raman spectroscopy."
Remarks
In work 1971.95.1 from 1224 Iraq, pararealgar and realgar are specifically identified for yellow pigments. Other colors in the same folio include vermilion for reds and a mix of orpiment and indigo for greens (p. 2).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionAs4S4
Analytical Techniques
Raman
XRF
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
ColorYellow
RegionIraq
Approx. Year1250
Source Information
AuthorKnipe, P., Eremin, K., Walton, M., Babini, A., & Rayner, G.
CollectionStruchnos plants, illustrated folio from the khawass al-ashjar (1971.95.1)
Language
N/A
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