ذهب

Evidence

"اللوحة رقم: ٤"

Remarks

Plate 4 (p. 453) provides evidence of the use of metallic and colorful pigments in the illumination of Najdi manuscripts. The image shows a highly decorated frontispiece ('Unwan) utilizing gold (dhahab) for the primary floral and geometric motifs, accompanied by red and blue colorants. This indicates a sophisticated level of manuscript ornamentation in Najd, employing materials that were either locally sourced or imported through trade routes during the late Islamic periods, such as the Ottoman era mentioned in the bibliography (p. 447).