hematite, the colorant in iron oxide red
Nigeria
Source: Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 2 (2011) 1-35
Recipe Details
Ingredients
hematite, red ochre, gum
Preparation Steps
Ochres were ground and sieved to convert them into pigments. Through levigation (wet grinding) and decantation, minerals were homogenized into finer products (p. 11). Locally processed red earth (koya) was kneaded into gum (p. 15). Red ochres containing hematite were obtained from rocks and soils in iron-rich earth (p. 12).
Original Recipe Text
Ochres were ground and sieved to convert them into pigments. Through levigation (wet grinding) and decantation, minerals were homogenized into finer products (p. 11). Locally processed red earth (koya) was kneaded into gum (p. 15). Red ochres containing hematite were obtained from rocks and soils in iron-rich earth (p. 12).
Evidence
"In red particulate inks, hematite, the colorant in iron oxide red, was identified by its microscopic appearance... More than three dozen samples with red particulates were tested with hydriodic acid. None were soluble, confirming iron oxide red or hematite."
Remarks
Used for diacritical marks (vowels) and decoration (zayanna) in Qurʔānic manuscripts (p. 9, 15, 17).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionFe2O3
Analytical Techniques
Microscopic examination
XRF
hydriodic acid test
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
Bindergum
ColorRed
RegionNigeria
Source Information
TitleInks in the Islamic Manuscripts of Northern Nigeria - Old Recipes, Modern Analysis and Medicine
AuthorJournal of Islamic Manuscripts 2
CollectionNorthern Nigerian Qurʔāns
Language
N/A
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