Grana (cochineal)
Romania
18th Century
Source: Ursescu, M. and Ciovica, S. (2009). Romanian handbooks on manuscript illumination in the 18th century. In: Sources and serendipity : testimonies of artists' practice.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
Grana, cochineal
Evidence
"Grana (cochineal) arrived from Mexico to Seville and Cadiz and was then shipped to Venice. This natural dye was brought to Walachia and Moldavia through Italian merchants along with indigo, brazilwood and lemn de Campes (campeche wood) (Sandulescu-Verna 2000)."
Remarks
This natural dye, referred to as 'grana', was part of a global trade network reaching Romanian territories via Venice. It was used extensively in the decoration of icons and illuminated manuscripts in the 18th century, particularly within the scriptoria of Moldavia and Walachia (p. 26).
Scientific Analysis
Analytical Techniques
source technological research
historical trade analysis
Certainty Level
Inferred
Instrumentally Verified
Not Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
RegionRomania
Approx. Year1750
Source Information
AuthorUrsescu, M. and Ciovica, S.
CollectionMexico to Seville and Cadiz and was then shipped to Venice
Language
N/A
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