cotton rags

Ingredients

cotton rags, calcite, CaCO3

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

The paper was manufactured from cotton rags as the primary cellulosic fiber source (p. 3). During the production process, calcite (calcium carbonate) was added as a filler material, approximating the shape of calcite crystals (p. 3, 6). This filler served to provide weight and act as a buffering agent against acidic degradation (p. 7).

Evidence

"The image can confirm that paper is made from cotton rags (Figure 4(a)). The paper contains some fillers such as calcite recovered from the calcite crystals (Figure 4(b))."

Remarks

The paper is characterized as a semicrystalline cellulose fiber (p. 3). Analysis revealed a significant decrease in the crystallinity index to 79.00%, down from the typical 85% expected for cotton cellulose, indicating advanced deterioration (p. 5). FTIR spectra showed a notable increase in C=O stretching in the 1600–1575 cm−1 region, which is cited as evidence of cellulose oxidation (p. 8). pH measurements yielded a value of 5.5, indicating a high level of acidity that contributes to the yellowing and physical weakness of the substrate (p. 3).