cotton fibers
Egypt
17th Century
Source: Fouda, A., Abdel-Nasser, M., Khalil, A.M.A. et al. Investigate the role of fungal communities associated with a historical manuscript from the 17th century in biodegradation. npj Mater Degrad 6, 88 (2022).
Recipe Details
Ingredients
cotton fibers
Preparation Steps
The paper is composed of cotton fibers, which appear as twisted, convoluted ribbon-like structures under SEM analysis (p. 2). Crystallinity was determined to be 47.54% via XRD, indicating a loss of ordered cellulose structure compared to a modern Whatman No. 1 control (81.68%) (p. 5).
Original Recipe Text
The paper is composed of cotton fibers, which appear as twisted, convoluted ribbon-like structures under SEM analysis (p. 2). Crystallinity was determined to be 47.54% via XRD, indicating a loss of ordered cellulose structure compared to a modern Whatman No. 1 control (81.68%) (p. 5).
Evidence
"By comparing the fibers of historical papers with the control, can be concluded that it is identical to cotton fibers (Fig. 2D)."
Remarks
The manuscript paper suffers from extensive biodegradation. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed an increase in wavenumbers and absorbance intensity (at 3332.78 and 3291.21 cm−1), signifying cellulose oxidation and the formation of carbonyl groups (p. 4). The paper exhibits yellowing and brittleness, which are early signs of aging caused by the formation of chromophores from the degradation of cellulose (p. 2). The pH of the paper was recorded as 5.5, indicating a significant shift toward acidity compared to the control pH of 7.5 (p. 5, p. 10).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionCellulose
Analytical Techniques
color changes
FTIR
pH values
visual assessment
XRD
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
paper
Paper Typecotton fibers
ColorYellow
RegionEgypt
Approx. Year1650
Source Information
AuthorFouda, A., Abdel-Nasser, M., Khalil, A.M.A. et al. Investigate the role of fungal communities associated with a historical manuscript from the 17th century in biodegradation. npj Mater Degrad 6, 88
CollectionAl-Azhar Library, Cairo, Egypt
Language
N/A
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