weld (Reseda luteola L.)

Egypt
15th Century
Source: Ebeid, H., Di Gianvincenzo, F., Kralj Cigić, I. & Strlič, M. (2024). Chromatographic analysis of natural dyes in mediaeval Islamic paper. Heritage Science, 12, 13.
Recipe Details

Ingredients

weld, luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol

Preparation Steps

Weld contains several flavonoids like luteolin, apigenin, and chrysoeriol, which can also exist as glycosides (p. 12). These compounds were extracted using the EDTA protocol, which does not break glycoside bonds (p. 12).

Original Recipe Text

Weld contains several flavonoids like luteolin, apigenin, and chrysoeriol, which can also exist as glycosides (p. 12). These compounds were extracted using the EDTA protocol, which does not break glycoside bonds (p. 12).

Evidence

"These signals suggest that these samples: AP130, AP131, AS2-1, AS3, AS7, AS9, AS13, and AS14, were dyed with a flavonoid dye, probably weld"

Remarks

Luteolin was not identified at its standard retention time in any historical samples, but potential identifications were based on four categories of eluting signals (8.9 min, 11.6–11.9 min, 16.5–17.8 min, and 22.4–23.5 min) with luteolin-like spectra (p. 12).

Scientific Analysis
Chemical Compositionluteolin
Analytical Techniques
high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC–DAD)
Certainty Level
Probable
Instrumentally Verified
Not Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
Paper TypeIslamic paper; quasi-Islamic paper
ColorYellow
RegionEgypt
Approx. Year1450
Source Information
AuthorEbeid, H., Di Gianvincenzo, F., Kralj Cigić, I. & Strlič, M.
CollectionNear East; Central Asia; Egypt; Turkey
Language
N/A
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    weld (Reseda luteola L.) (15th Century) | Islamic Ink Atlas