safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Egypt
15th Century
Source: Ebeid, H., Di Gianvincenzo, F., Kralj Cigić, I. & Strlič, M. (2024). Chromatographic analysis of natural dyes in mediaeval Islamic paper. Heritage Science, 12, 13.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
safflower, hydroxysafflor yellow A
Preparation Steps
Identification was based on the signal corresponding to hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSY-A), which is the major dye when safflower is used as a yellow rather than red dye (p. 12). This peak elutes at approximately 10.1 min (p. 12).
Original Recipe Text
Identification was based on the signal corresponding to hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSY-A), which is the major dye when safflower is used as a yellow rather than red dye (p. 12). This peak elutes at approximately 10.1 min (p. 12).
Evidence
"Three samples from historical manuscripts were determined with confidence to have been dyed with safflower: AP145, AS2-1, and AS4"
Remarks
Safflower was used as a yellow dye in these historical samples. Several other signals eluting between 12 and 21 minutes likely correspond to either natural yellow chromophores or degradation products (p. 12).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical Compositionhydroxysafflor yellow A (HSY-A)
Analytical Techniques
high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC–DAD)
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
Paper Typequasi-Islamic paper
ColorYellow
RegionEgypt
Approx. Year1450
Source Information
AuthorEbeid, H., Di Gianvincenzo, F., Kralj Cigić, I. & Strlič, M.
CollectionCentral Asia; Egypt
Language
N/A
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