typography or lithography

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

The production involved the use of lithographic and typographic presses (p. 195, 202). In the case of Cermin Mata, Rajab was entrusted with the writing, composing, and printing of the journal starting in early 1858 (p. 194). The process required trained compositors, a role that proved difficult to fill after the closure of the Mission Press (p. 203). Lithography was specifically used for the journal to allow for a manuscript-like appearance which was preferred in the Malay world (p. 204).

Evidence

"Other income came from his other printing activities, in typography or lithography, and perhaps also governmental and other grants for his school, which he could have used also for printing schoolbooks and teaching materials."

Remarks

The paper discusses the pivotal transition from manuscript culture to lithographic printing in 19th-century Singapore (p. 204). It highlights that Benjamin Keasberry’s Mission Press employed Malay scribes as 'literary agents' who moved from manual copying to mechanical reproduction using lithography (p. 205). The lithographic industry in Singapore saw a decline in the 1910s following the death of key scribes like Encik Ibrahim al-Riau (p. 204).