iron gall inks (ḥibr)
Maghreb
13th Century
Source: Colini, C. (2022). Ink Recipes from the Islamic Era. In Session 2 – Integrating Sciences in Historical and Archaeological Research (pp. 173–186).
Recipe Details
Ingredients
vitriol, iron filings, slags, nails, iron pieces, gall nuts, tree bark, fruits, fruit rind, leaves, gum arabic
Preparation Steps
Obtained by mixing iron ions (source: vitriol, filings, slags, nails) with gallic acid (source: gall nuts or vegetal matter like tree bark, fruit rind, leaves) in a water-based solvent with gum arabic as a binder (p. 174).
Original Recipe Text
Obtained by mixing iron ions (source: vitriol, filings, slags, nails) with gallic acid (source: gall nuts or vegetal matter like tree bark, fruit rind, leaves) in a water-based solvent with gum arabic as a binder (p. 174).
Evidence
"Iron gall inks, which are obtained by mixing iron ions with gallic acid in a water-based solvent, with the addition of a binder, normally gum arabic. (p. 174)"
Remarks
Iron gall inks comprise 53% of the 260 collected formulas. Mock-ups were aged at 80°C and 65% RH for 49 days (p. 174, 180).
Scientific Analysis
Analytical Techniques
FTIR
Artificial ageing
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
ink
BinderAcacia gum
ColorBlack
RegionMaghreb
Approx. Year1250
Source Information
AuthorColini, C.
Collection30 selected recipes (mock-ups)
Language
N/A
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