powered galena

Name: powered galena
Cuisine: Egypt
Ingredients: galena; lead sulphide

Egypt

Source: Thomas Christiansen, 'MANUFACTURE OF BLACK INK IN THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN', The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, 2017, Vol. 54, pp. 167-195.

Recipe Details

Ingredients

galena, lead sulphide

Evidence

"A singular black ink based on (only?) powered galena, that is a lead sulphide (PbS), has been identified in a 'Book of the Dead' from around 1400 BCE using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS)"

Remarks

This is noted as a 'singular' instance where black ink was based on galena rather than carbon (p. 171).

Scientific Analysis

Chemical CompositionPbS

Analytical Techniques

scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS)

Certainty Level

Confirmed

Instrumentally Verified

Verified

Metadata

Material Type

pigment

Paper TypePapyrus

ColorBlack

RegionEgypt

Approx. Year-1450

Source Information

TitleMANUFACTURE OF BLACK INK IN THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN

AuthorThomas Christiansen, 'MANUFACTURE OF BLACK INK IN THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN', The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, 2017, Vol. 54, pp. 167-195.

CollectionBook of the Dead

Language

N/A

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