European handmade papers

Ingredients

linen, cotton, woodpulp

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

Machine-made paper from woodpulp was not produced before the early nineteenth century (p. 131). European handmade papers often match descriptions in watermark reference books or databases (p. 131).

Evidence

"Western papers were not used before the fourteenth century, and machine made papers cannot have been used until approximately 1800... European handmade papers, the watermarks of course can be a great help when identifying the paper maker and period."

Remarks

The study notes that Western paper imports gradually replaced traditional Islamic papermaking in many regions, except for peripheral areas where traditional methods continued (p. 131). Machine-made paper is identified as appearing after 1800 and often lacking watermarks (p. 131).