black ink

Ingredients

iron, lead, zinc, copper

Evidence

"Several passages of black ink were analyzed using XRF spectrometry on areas of the scroll’s calligraphy as well as on the topographic and architectural images. The results highlight different components such as iron, lead, zinc, and copper, present in varying amounts, depending on the position on the scroll."

Remarks

Black inks of this period are usually classified as carbon-based, metal-based, or mixtures of both. The analysis (p. 373) showed metallic ions (iron, lead, zinc, copper) in varying amounts. Carbon, being a light element, was not identified by XRF. The presence of these metals suggests complex recipes that varied according to availability and the penman's personal preference. Some outlines, particularly in the Medina minarets, were identified as later additions (p. 373).