iron-gall ink

Ingredients

copper, iron

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

An iron-gall ink used for vocalisation containing significantly higher copper concentrations—nearly three times that of the main text ink (p. 159).

Evidence

"The addition of vowels, however, was conducted in a different ink, which contained almost three times more copper than the ink of the main text."

Remarks

The researcher notes that the visual color difference is due to degradation, not original intent (p. 159). The high copper content suggests the vocalisation was likely added later or by a different person (p. 159).