carbon black
Iran
18th Century
Source: Koochakzaei et al. Heritage Science (2022) 10:30
Recipe Details
Ingredients
carbon black
Preparation Steps
The main part of the text was written using black ink. Analysis by SEM-EDS and µ-XRF ruled out iron-gall ink due to the lack of significant iron content (p. 4). Raman spectroscopy confirmed carbon black through specific vibrational bands (p. 4).
Original Recipe Text
The main part of the text was written using black ink. Analysis by SEM-EDS and µ-XRF ruled out iron-gall ink due to the lack of significant iron content (p. 4). Raman spectroscopy confirmed carbon black through specific vibrational bands (p. 4).
Evidence
"carbon black should be considered as the type of this ink."
Remarks
The manuscript is a Holy Quran dated 1210 AH (1795–1796 AD). Technical photography shows the ink as black in IRFC, distinguishing it from iron-gall which would appear bright red (p. 12).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionC
Analytical Techniques
XRF
SEM-EDS
Raman
Infrared photography (IR)
Infrared false color (IRFC)
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
ink
ColorBlack
RegionIran
Approx. Year1750
Source Information
AuthorKoochakzaei et al. Heritage Science
CollectionKashan city (In Isfahan province, Iran)
Language
N/A
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