zunghufr (Cinnabarite/Cinnabar)
Spain
10th Century
Source: v. J. Ruska, al-Rāzī’s Buch Geheimnis der Geheimnisse, p. 37; Ibn al-Baitār, Gāmi‘, vol. 2, p. 170.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
zunghufr masnū‘
Preparation Steps
The text mentions that both naturally extracted cinnabar (zunghufr mahlūq) from mines and artificially produced cinnabar (zunghufr masnū‘) were known (p. 195). Spain is highlighted as the most famous geographical source for the mineral (p. 195).
Original Recipe Text
The text mentions that both naturally extracted cinnabar (zunghufr mahlūq) from mines and artificially produced cinnabar (zunghufr masnū‘) were known (p. 195). Spain is highlighted as the most famous geographical source for the mineral (p. 195).
Evidence
"Apart from the cinnabar (zunghufr mahlūq) extracted from mines, artificially produced cinnabar (zunghufr masnū‘) was also known in the 4th/10th century. The most famous deposit site was Spain"
Remarks
The analyzed sample (K 3.57) measures 120 x 180 mm and weighs 160 g. It is noted as poisonous. In the medical tradition, it was used in ointments for injuries and as a powder for treating ulcers (p. 195).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionHgS
Analytical Techniques
Weight measurement
Physical dimensions
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
ColorRed
RegionSpain
Approx. Year950
Source Information
TitleMINERALS AND FOSSILS
Authorv. J. Ruska, al-Rāzī’s Buch Geheimnis der Geheimnisse, p. 37; Ibn al-Baitār, Gāmi‘, vol. 2, p. 170.
CollectionSpain
Language
N/A
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