Fe3+-polyphenol dark complexes
Iberia
16th Century
Source: Teixeira, N., Nabais, P., de Freitas, V. et al. (2021). In-depth phenolic characterization of iron gall inks by deconstructing representative Iberian recipes. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8811.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
Partidas Crushed galls, Water, White wine, Azige (FeSO4), CuSO4, Gum arabic
Preparation Steps
The Guadalupe recipe (Table 1, p. 3) uses Partidas Crushed galls in a mixture of water and white wine in a 1:0.25 ratio (8.93 mL solvent per 1 g galls). The iron source is 'Azige' (FeSO4). It uniquely includes copper sulphate (CuSO4) in a 0.3 mass ratio. The Galls:FeSO4:Gum ratio is 1:0.6:0.3. The extraction takes 6 days with heat, followed by filtration (p. 3). The recipe also mentions stirring with a dried fig tree branch (p. 8).
Original Recipe Text
The Guadalupe recipe (Table 1, p. 3) uses Partidas Crushed galls in a mixture of water and white wine in a 1:0.25 ratio (8.93 mL solvent per 1 g galls). The iron source is 'Azige' (FeSO4). It uniquely includes copper sulphate (CuSO4) in a 0.3 mass ratio. The Galls:FeSO4:Gum ratio is 1:0.6:0.3. The extraction takes 6 days with heat, followed by filtration (p. 3). The recipe also mentions stirring with a dried fig tree branch (p. 8).
Evidence
"Guadalupe | Partidas Crushed | Water:White wine 1:0.25 | Azige | 1:0.6:0.3 | CuSO4 (0.3) | 6 days Heat | Yes"
Remarks
Guadalupe displayed the highest concentration of phenolic compounds in the extract after heating (51 mg/mL) (p. 4). The addition of iron sulfate led to a massive decrease in phenolic concentration (to 6 mg/mL), possibly due to the formation of extensive insoluble organometallic networks (p. 4). Stirring with a fig branch was found to have no significant effect on the phenolic profile (p. 8).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionFe3+-polyphenol complexes
Analytical Techniques
HPLC–DAD
HPLC–ESI–MS
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
ink
BinderAcacia gum
ColorBlack
RegionIberia
Approx. Year1550
Source Information
AuthorTeixeira, N., Nabais, P., de Freitas, V. et al.
Collectionreconstruction based on Iberian treatises (Guadalupe)
Language
N/A
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