red lead (Pb3O4)
Iran
16th Century
Source: Muralha, V.S.F., Burgio, L., Clark, R.J.H. (2012). Raman spectroscopy analysis of pigments on 16–17th c. Persian manuscripts. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 92, 21–28.
Recipe Details
Preparation Steps
Red lead, also called minium, is noted as one of the earliest synthetic pigments, with usage dating back to the fifth century BC in China (p. 25). It was found to be the main pigment for the brown horse, likely admixed with another material (p. 25).
Original Recipe Text
Red lead, also called minium, is noted as one of the earliest synthetic pigments, with usage dating back to the fifth century BC in China (p. 25). It was found to be the main pigment for the brown horse, likely admixed with another material (p. 25).
Evidence
"The orange red pigment was identified to be red lead (Pb3O4), with the bands at 548, 390, 223, 149 and 122 cm−1 (Fig. 7b)."
Remarks
Red lead was identified on all manuscripts in the study as the dominant red/orange pigment, despite being seldom mentioned in historical Persian treatises on painting (p. 21). It was used for orange red flowers, rocks, frames, and vests (p. 25).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionPb3O4
Analytical Techniques
Raman microscopy (RM)
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
RegionIran
Approx. Year1550
Source Information
AuthorMuralha, V.S.F., Burgio, L., Clark, R.J.H.
CollectionUnknown
Language
N/A
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