cotton fibers

Ingredients

cotton fibers, kaolinite, calcium carbonate, calcite

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

The paper was manufactured from rags consisting of linear long cellulose fibers (p. 379). Analysis confirmed the specific source of these fibers as cotton (p. 382). During production, fillers and coating materials were added to enhance mechanical qualities. Mineral fillers identified through elemental analysis include kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (p. 383). The high presence of aluminum and silicon specifically suggests the use of kaolinite, while high calcium levels point to calcium carbonate or calcite crystals (p. 383).

Evidence

"morphological analysis revealed that goat skin was used in making leather for bookbinding, and cotton was used to produce paper."

Remarks

The manuscript is described as severely damaged, suffering from disintegration, erosion, and biological attack (p. 380). The paper has reached an acidic state with a pH of 4.5, which is identified as a critical factor in the breakdown of cellulose chains through acid hydrolysis (p. 391). XRD analysis showed a decline in the crystallinity index, indicating significant chemical and mechanical alteration of the cellulose molecules over time (p. 392). Elemental mapping showed spots influenced by iron and aluminum (p. 382).