iron gall type
Morocco
9th Century
Source: Oubelkacem, Y., Lamhasni, T., El Bakkali, A., et al. (2020). Parchments and coloring materials in two IXth century manuscripts: On-site non-invasive multi-techniques investigation. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 246, 119093.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
iron, calcium, tannins, gum Arabic
Preparation Steps
The black ink is an iron gall type, formulated with iron salts and tannins. XRF spectra recorded on inked areas reveal iron and calcium as main elements (p. 9). Gum Arabic was used as a binder, and its content varies between the two manuscripts; a higher concentration in MEK-MS-6LP is hypothesized to have provided better protection against corrosion (p. 9).
Original Recipe Text
The black ink is an iron gall type, formulated with iron salts and tannins. XRF spectra recorded on inked areas reveal iron and calcium as main elements (p. 9). Gum Arabic was used as a binder, and its content varies between the two manuscripts; a higher concentration in MEK-MS-6LP is hypothesized to have provided better protection against corrosion (p. 9).
Evidence
"In both manuscripts the writing black inks have been characterized as iron gall type."
Remarks
The ink on MEK-MS-7LP has induced deep degradation of the parchment collagen, leading to the disappearance of amide A and B bands in the infrared spectra (p. 9). Calcium oxalates (CaC2O4) were identified as degradation products of ink components, likely caused by mold fungi or the degradation of gum Arabic and tannins in the presence of calcium from the parchment (p. 9).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionFe2+ ions complexed with tannins
Analytical Techniques
XRF
FTIR
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
ink
BinderAcacia gum
Paper TypeParchment
ColorBlack
RegionMorocco
Approx. Year850
Source Information
AuthorOubelkacem, Y., Lamhasni, T., El Bakkali, A., et al.
CollectionMakhtout 231, Cultural Complex Lamnouni of Meknes
Language
N/A
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