Cinnabar; Vermilion (shangarf)
Persia
17th Century
Source: Koohkesh, N., Dredge, P., Howard, D., Lewincamp, S., Zekrgoo, S., & Alhagh, L. (2025). Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy for Characterising Pigments in Seventeenth-century Persian Illuminated Manuscripts. Studies in Conservation.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
mercury, sulphur
Preparation Steps
Described in historical Persian texts as red ink or paint (p. 15).
Original Recipe Text
Described in historical Persian texts as red ink or paint (p. 15).
Evidence
"Mercury and sulphur found in some red ornaments are associated with mercury(II) sulphide, known as cinnabar (natural form) or vermilion (synthetic form)"
Remarks
Used for darker red ornaments (p. 15).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionHgS
Analytical Techniques
Synchrotron-based scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy (SXFM)
Certainty Level
Probable
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
ColorRed
RegionPersia
Approx. Year1650
Source Information
AuthorKoohkesh, N., Dredge, P., Howard, D., Lewincamp, S., Zekrgoo, S., & Alhagh, L.
CollectionThe University of Melbourne Manuscripts Collection (MUL 17, MUL 76)
Language
N/A
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