natural Ultramarine mixed with White lead
Egypt
17th Century
Source: Hassan, R. R. A. (2015). Analytical study of a manuscript, 'Tafsir Al khazin ' - the seventeenth century AD. Current Science International, 4(2), 196-207.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
natural Ultramarine, lapis lazuli, lazurite, polysulfide, basic lead carbonate, lead white, 2PbCO3_Pb(OH)2
Preparation Steps
The blue pigment was prepared by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder to produce natural ultramarine, which primarily consists of the mineral lazurite. This was then mixed with basic lead carbonate (lead white), specifically 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2, to achieve the desired blue shade (p. 201).
Original Recipe Text
The blue pigment was prepared by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder to produce natural ultramarine, which primarily consists of the mineral lazurite. This was then mixed with basic lead carbonate (lead white), specifically 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2, to achieve the desired blue shade (p. 201).
Evidence
"the blue color is natural Ultramarine because the artificial Ultramarine was known at 1824 in France. ... the blue ultramarine was mixed with basic lead carbonate This is more commonly termed lead white. (p. 201)"
Remarks
XRD confirmed the presence of aluminum sodium silicate with sulfur. Some chloride is also present in the crystal lattice (p. 201). EDAX confirmed lead at 24.52% by weight (p. 203). The use of natural ultramarine is consistent with the manuscript's 17th-century date, as synthetic versions were not available until 1824 (p. 201).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionNa8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4 / 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2
Analytical Techniques
EDAX analysis
X-ray diffraction
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
ColorBlue
RegionEgypt
Approx. Year1650
Source Information
AuthorHassan, R. R. A.
Collectionstores of Al Azhar Al Sharif Grand Mosque
Language
N/A
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