pencil

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

Not applicable; identifies pencil as a modern writing medium used for secondary annotations (p. 185).

Evidence

"Madninka glosses added to some manuscripts by later hands in modern ink or pencil feature additional characters."

Remarks

Pencil is cited as a medium used by later scribes to add linguistic annotations in Mandinka. This layer is visually and materially distinct from the primary ink layers and is often used to record specific phonological features of local languages in the West African scholarly context (p. 185, 194).