modern ink

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

The text does not provide a chemical recipe but notes that the material was used for later 'Madninka glosses' added to existing manuscripts by 'later hands' (p. 185).

Evidence

"Madninka glosses added to some manuscripts by later hands in modern ink or pencil feature additional characters."

Remarks

The presence of modern ink signifies a distinct chronological layer in the history of the manuscripts, specifically associated with the addition of glosses in Mandinka varieties. These later additions are identified by the use of modern writing instruments and the introduction of new orthographical characters, such as the yāș with three dots below and the ʿayn with three dots above, which were not present in the primary Soninke Ajami layer (p. 185, footnote 903).