iron gall inks, carbon inks

Evidence

"XRF represents one of the most suitable ways to obtain qualitative information on many different materials, such as iron gall inks, carbon inks, or even other drawing and writing materials"

Remarks

The manuscripts studied, such as MS 22-1948, Or 420, and RAS 239, are written in the nastaʿlīq script (p. 34-36). XRF provides qualitative info on the elemental components of writing materials (p. 47).