carbon-based black pigment

Evidence

"Inks in sixteenth to eighteenth century Islamic manuscripts were analyzed primarily for the purpose of their identification (Burgio et al. 2008). The most common was a black ink, identified as a carbon-based black pigment by the presence of two broad bands at 1580 and 1325 cm-1."

Remarks

This identification was based on the characteristic D and G Raman bands of amorphous carbon (p. 323). The study by Burgio et al. (2008) covered a variety of Islamic manuscripts from the 16th to 18th centuries (p. 323).