الكبريت الأحمر والأصفر والأسود والأبيض (Sulfur: Red, Yellow, Black, White)

Iraq
8th Century
Source: Jabir ibn Hayyan. Kitab al-Khawas al-Kabir. Manuscript Collection, Article 63-69.
Recipe Details

Ingredients

الكبريت (Sulfur)

Preparation Steps

Sulfur is classified as one of the Arwah (spirits). The four colors—red, yellow, black, and white—are treated as distinct functional entities in the creation of the Elixir (p. 2). The yellow variety is often associated with gold production, while the red is associated with the 'Great Elixir' (p. 15).

Original Recipe Text

Sulfur is classified as one of the Arwah (spirits). The four colors—red, yellow, black, and white—are treated as distinct functional entities in the creation of the Elixir (p. 2). The yellow variety is often associated with gold production, while the red is associated with the 'Great Elixir' (p. 15).

Evidence

"وأربعة كباريت... وأما الكبريت فمنها الأحمر والأصفر والأسود والأبيض"

Remarks

Jabir notes that sulfur 'flees' from fire, which is the defining characteristic of a 'spirit' in his chemistry (p. 2).

Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionS
Analytical Techniques
Physical Classification
Mizan (Balance)
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Not Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
Colorالأحمر والأصفر والأسود والأبيض
RegionIraq
Approx. Year750
Source Information
AuthorJabir ibn Hayyan. Kitab al-Khawas al-Kabir. Manuscript Collection, Article 63-69.
CollectionAlchemical Spirits (Arwah)
Language
N/A
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    الكبريت الأحمر والأصفر والأسود والأبيض (Sulfur: Red, Yellow, Black, White) (8th Century) | Islamic Ink Atlas