machine made papers, often made of wood pulp

Ingredients

wood pulp

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

In the nineteenth century, the quality of imported paper from Europe declined as handmade papers became scarce and machine made papers, typically made of wood pulp, increased in volume. These papers were frequently used for repairs, such as tipped-on endleaves in rebound manuscripts (p. 205).

Evidence

"Or. 12.454, a manuscript that is dated 1673, but was rebound in the nineteenth century, which follows from the machine made papers that were used as tipped-on endleaves."

Remarks

The transition to machine-made papers is linked to the general acceptance of the printing press in the Islamic world, which stimulated a need for cheaper bookbinding materials (p. 205). Mechanical processes involved in the production of these materials adversely influenced the overall quality of book components including leather and thread (p. 205).