vermilion (HgS)
Egypt
15th Century
Source: Gawish, M., El Hadidi, N. M. N., Elnaggar, A., & Ebeid, H. (2023). A Mamluk Copy of Fawaed El Mawaad: Investigation and Analytical Approach. Advanced Research in Conservation Science, 4(1), 54-70.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
vermilion, mercury, sulphur
Preparation Steps
The red pigment was identified as Light red HgS vermilion (p. 65). Raman spectra showed characteristic bands in the region between 253 and 344 cm-1 (p. 65). XRF analysis detected Hg (0.24%), S (1.83%), and minor amounts of Fe (0.24%) and Sc (0.20%) (p. 65).
Original Recipe Text
The red pigment was identified as Light red HgS vermilion (p. 65). Raman spectra showed characteristic bands in the region between 253 and 344 cm-1 (p. 65). XRF analysis detected Hg (0.24%), S (1.83%), and minor amounts of Fe (0.24%) and Sc (0.20%) (p. 65).
Evidence
"vermilion (HgS) were identified, as... red ink, respectively."
Remarks
Vermilion was used to highlight particular passages of the text or to draw attention to certain features (p. 55). Under Ultraviolet photography (UV), the red ink letters showed significant UV absorption, appearing grey-blue, while under Infrared (IR), the letters showed 'total fading' (Table 1, p. 68), which is characteristic of vermilion.
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionHgS
Analytical Techniques
Raman
XRF
Infrared Fluorescence (IRF)
Ultraviolet Fluorescence (UVF)
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
ColorRed
RegionEgypt
Approx. Year1450
Source Information
AuthorGawish, M., El Hadidi, N. M. N., Elnaggar, A., & Ebeid, H.
CollectionLibrary of Ain Shams University
Language
N/A
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