hemp fiber
Egypt
15th Century
Source: Gawish, M., El Hadidi, N. M. N., Elnaggar, A., & Ebeid, H. (2023). A Mamluk Copy of Fawaed El Mawaad: Investigation and Analytical Approach. Advanced Research in Conservation Science, 4(1), 54-70.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
hemp fiber (Qannab), starch, calcium carbonate (calcite)
Preparation Steps
The paper is composed of hemp fibers (68–78.3% cellulose), characterized by transverse knots and thick fibrous cell walls (p. 61). Sizing was applied to both sides of the paper, creating 'three sandwich-like layers' (p. 63). Calcium carbonate (calcite) was added as an inorganic filler to improve physical properties such as weight and acidity protection (p. 55).
Original Recipe Text
The paper is composed of hemp fibers (68–78.3% cellulose), characterized by transverse knots and thick fibrous cell walls (p. 61). Sizing was applied to both sides of the paper, creating 'three sandwich-like layers' (p. 63). Calcium carbonate (calcite) was added as an inorganic filler to improve physical properties such as weight and acidity protection (p. 55).
Evidence
"The paper leaves of the manuscript were composed of hemp fiber. Starch was used as a sizing material in the manuscript. ...calcium carbonate as a filler."
Remarks
The paper shows a chain line organization in 'threes', which is characteristic of Islamic papers from the 5th to 9th centuries AH (p. 59). Laid lines average 15 per 20 mm, and the average sheet thickness is 0.23 mm (p. 59). ATR-FTIR spectra for the sizing matched starch standards precisely (p. 64, Fig. 8).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionCaCO3
Analytical Techniques
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX)
FTIR
Polarizing Light microscope (PLM)
Sharp Scale of Opaqueness
Thickness Gauge
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
paper
BinderStarch
Paper Typehemp fiber
ColorBrown
RegionEgypt
Approx. Year1450
Source Information
AuthorGawish, M., El Hadidi, N. M. N., Elnaggar, A., & Ebeid, H.
CollectionLibrary of Ain Shams University
Language
N/A
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