ink color used in writing the Quran

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

The study describes black ink used for the primary Quranic text (p. 3). The ink was applied using agreed-upon pens and tip widths (p. 11). The font is described as elegant letters reflecting clear development (p. 12). In the Berlin Quran copy, the words are written in black (p. 3). Some letters like 'K' and 'Q' were intentionally modified or distinguished to facilitate reading before pointing was widespread (p. 10-11).

Evidence

"The words of Quran are written in black, and formalized in red."

Remarks

The study highlights that the Hijazi calligraphy was the official approved script for writing the Quran until the end of the first century AH (p. 10). It mentions that five holy companions were assigned to copy the Quran and agreed on organizational matters including the type of ink and pens (p. 11). Samples analyzed include the Berlin Quran, Birmingham Quran, Tubingen Quran, Paris Quran, and London Quran (p. 2-3).