alum
Africa
12th Century
Source: Miranda, A., Cardoso, I. P. (2025). Beyond art technical sources: understanding colour production in Andalusi texts. Conservar Patrim%nio, 49, 111-120.
Recipe Details
Ingredients
alum
Evidence
"A letter from 1141 sent from Fez to Almerħa deals with the shipping of seven loads of alum."
Remarks
Alum was a critical raw material in colour production, exported in large quantities from Surt (today's Libya) and traded across the Mediterranean. Epistolary sources like the Geniza letters show it was shipped from Fez to Almeria; merchants often monitored price volatility and demand before shipping (p. 115, 117-118).
Scientific Analysis
Analytical Techniques
Textual analysis
Certainty Level
Inferred
Instrumentally Verified
Not Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
RegionAfrica
Approx. Year1150
Source Information
AuthorMiranda, A., Cardoso, I. P.
CollectionFez
Language
N/A
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