first ink layer

Ingredients

similar ink

Preparation Steps

Original Recipe Text

The manuscript exhibits secondary modifications to the primary text. Specifically, in the word Qurʾān (originally written as 'qrn'), an 'alif' was added later using an ink described as 'similar' to the original layer (p. 211). These changes are part of a broader pattern of updating archaic spellings, such as the correction of 'dwʾd' to 'dʾwd' (p. 209).

Evidence

"The additions and modifications of the first ink layer through the use of a similar ink can be seen with the naked eye (in the word Qurʾān, originally just qrn, an alif was added) and this should be supported through scientific ink-analyses."

Remarks

The Tübingen manuscript Ma VI 165, paleographically identified as Kufic B Ia, was purchased in Damascus by Johann Wetzstein (p. 213, 215). While carbon-14 dating places it in the 7th century (649–675 CE), the ink layers reveal a complex history of orthographic adjustment to match later canonical standards (p. 211).