أحبار

Evidence

"وكذلك المواد المستخدمة في صناعتها من ورق وأحبار وأقلام"

Remarks

The study focuses on the manuscript production industry in the Najd region from the 10th to the mid-14th century AH (p. 480). It specifically examines the practical tools of the trade, including various types of ink (أحبار) and the pens (أقلام) used to apply them. Figure 1 on page 475 illustrates several forms of writing implements, including reeds and feathers, cited as tools for ink application in the region. Figure 6 (p. 478) displays a colophon written in black ink, dated 1285 AH (approx. 1868 AD), by the scribe Ubayd bin Abd al-Muhsin bin Nasir, providing a specific chronological marker for ink usage in the late 19th century.