iron oxide yellow or yellow ochres
Nigeria
Source: Biddle, M. L. (2011). Beyond the Word: Ink in the Islamic Manuscripts of Northern Nigeria. MRS Proceedings, 1319, mrsf10-1319-ww05-02. doi:10.1557/opl.2011.923
Recipe Details
Ingredients
yellow ochre, goethite, gum, egg yolk, egg white
Preparation Steps
Yellow ochres containing goethite were sourced from local soils (p. 3). Biuret tests on five glossy yellow ink flakes yielded one positive for protein, indicating the use of egg yolk or egg white as a binder (p. 4). The use of egg yolk would have intensified the yellow color (p. 4).
Original Recipe Text
Yellow ochres containing goethite were sourced from local soils (p. 3). Biuret tests on five glossy yellow ink flakes yielded one positive for protein, indicating the use of egg yolk or egg white as a binder (p. 4). The use of egg yolk would have intensified the yellow color (p. 4).
Evidence
"PLM examination of opaque yellow pigments revealed iron oxide yellow or yellow ochres and tested positive for iron with potassium ferrocyanide. These pigments tested negative for arsenic eliminating the possibility of realgar... or orpiment."
Remarks
Organic yellows were also identified by their stain-like appearance under magnification (p. 4). Realgar and orpiment were known in the Islamic world but were not found in the Northern Nigerian samples tested (p. 4).
Scientific Analysis
Chemical CompositionFeO(OH)
Analytical Techniques
polarized light microscopy (PLM)
arsenic testing
Biuret tests
potassium ferrocyanide
Certainty Level
Confirmed
Instrumentally Verified
Verified
Metadata
Material Type
pigment
BinderAlbumen
ColorYellow
RegionNigeria
Source Information
AuthorBiddle, M. L.
CollectionNorthern Nigerian Qur’ans
Language
N/A
AI Suggestions
Find similar recipes based on ingredients and preparation methods.